How is colorectal cancer diagnosed?

 Colorectal cancer is diagnosed through a combination of medical history assessments, physical examinations, and various medical tests. Detecting colorectal cancer early increases the chances of successful treatment. Here's how the diagnosis process typically works:

1. Medical History and Physical Examination:

- The doctor will gather information about your medical history, family history, symptoms, and risk factors.

- They will conduct a physical examination, including checking for any signs of colorectal cancer, such as abdominal masses or blood in the stool.

2. Screening Tests:

- Screening tests are recommended for individuals with average risk and those with specific risk factors. Common screening tests include:

- Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) or Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT): These tests detect tiny amounts of blood in the stool, which might not be visible to the naked eye.

- Colonoscopy:

A flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the rectum to examine the entire colon and rectum for abnormalities.

- Flexible Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, but it examines only the lower part of the colon.

- CT Colonography (Virtual Colonoscopy): A special CT scan is used to create detailed images of the colon and rectum.

3. Diagnostic Tests:

- If screening tests suggest the presence of abnormal tissue, further diagnostic tests are performed to confirm the diagnosis.

- Biopsy: A small piece of tissue is removed from the suspicious area (polyp or tumor) and examined under a microscope to determine if it's cancerous.

- Endorectal Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create images of the rectum and nearby structures. It helps assess the depth of tumor invasion.

4. Imaging Tests:-

These tests help determine the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread to other areas of the body:

- CT (computed tomography) scan

- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan

- PET (positron emission tomography) scan

5. Staging:

- Staging involves determining the size of the tumor, whether it has spread to lymph nodes or distant parts of the body, and the overall extent of the disease. Staging helps guide treatment decisions.

6. Additional Tests:

- Depending on the stage and type of colorectal cancer, additional tests might be performed to assess the cancer's genetic characteristics or molecular markers.

After the diagnosis is confirmed, the medical team will work with you to develop a treatment plan tailored to your specific situation. Treatment options for colorectal cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Regular follow-up appointments and monitoring are important to track the effectiveness of treatment and to detect any recurrence or new developments.

Dr. Chintamani Godbole, one of the best Colorectal Surgeon in Mumbai practices at Gadre Hospital.